2020年北京新東方在線同聲傳譯培訓機構模擬練習題
因為同聲傳譯具有很強的學術性和專業性，所以對譯員的素質要求以及專業技能要求非常高，因為英語是國際公認的通用語言，所以對于國內的從業者來說，英漢的翻譯最為常見，雖然同聲傳譯的門檻高，但也是有跡可循的。2020年北京新東方在線同聲傳譯培訓機構模擬練習題。
THE Belgian blue is an ugly but tasty cow that has 40% more muscle than it should have. It is the product of random mutation followed by selective breeding-as, indeed, are all domesticated creatures. But where an old art has led, a new one may follow. By understanding which genetic changes have been consolidated in the Belgian blue, it may be possible to design and build similar versions of other species using genetic engineering as a short-cut. And that is precisely what Terry Bradley, a fish biologist at the University of Rhode Island, is trying to do. Instead of cattle, he is doing it in trout. His is one of two projects that may soon put the first biotech animals on the dinner table.
比利時藍牛是一種看著丑陋但肉質鮮美的牛，這種牛身上長出的肌肉比一般的牛多出40％。但這種牛確確實實都是自然繁殖的家畜，是對隨機的基因突變品種進行選育的結果。事物總是前有車，而后有轍啊。掌握了基因變化被固化于比利時藍牛的機理，就可以利用基因工程技術走條捷徑，設計和構造其它物種的類似變種。特里?布拉德利是羅得島大學的魚類生物學家，他目前正在按照這種構想進行試驗。他試驗的對象不是牛，而是鱒魚。類似的研究項目有兩個，他所從事的是其中之一，他們的研究成果可能很快就能變成第一批放在餐桌上的生物科技動物。
Belgian blues are so big because their genes for a protein called myostatin do not work properly. Myostatin is a hormone that regulates muscle growth. Disable its action and muscles will grow in parts of the anatomy where other animals do not even have them.
比利時藍牛的肌肉如此發達的原因是牠的基因使一種叫做肌肉生長抑制素的蛋白質不能正常工作。肌肉生長抑制素是一種激素，可以調節肌肉的生長。如果肌肉生長抑制素不能正常工作，就會在解剖學上不可能生長肌肉的部位長出肌肉來，正常的動物不會長出這樣的肌肉。
Dr Bradley has launched a four-pronged attack on the myostatin in his trout. First, he has introduced into them a gene that turns out a stunted version of the myostatin receptor, the molecule that sits in the surface membrane of muscle cells and receives the message to stop growing. The stunted receptor does not pass the message on properly.
布拉德利博士對用于試驗的鱒魚體內的肌肉生長抑制素進行了多管齊下的攻擊。首先，他向肌肉生長抑制素注入能夠使其受體退化的基因。肌肉生長抑制素受體是位于肌細胞表面隔膜上的分子，其作用是接收停止肌肉生長的信息。退化的受體無法正確的傳遞信息。
He has also added two genes for non-functional variants of myostatin. These churn out proteins, and those proteins bind to the receptors, but they do not tweak them in a way that passes the message on. They do, however, swamp and dilute the effect of functional myostatin molecules.
其次，他在失去作用的肌肉生長抑制素的變種中加入兩種基因。這樣就使蛋白質難以識別，這些蛋白質附著在受體上，但已經不能使受體起到傳遞信息的作用了。然而，這些失效的肌肉生長抑制素確實起到了將功能正常的肌肉生長抑制素分子稀釋和淹沒的作用。
Finally, he has spliced in a gene that causes overproduction of another protein, follistatin. This binds to myostatin and renders it inoperative.
最后，他還通過基因拼接的方法，使另一種蛋白質——卵泡，過分生長。卵泡附著在肌肉生長抑制素上，使它失去作用。
The upshot of all this tinkering is a trout that has twice the overall muscle mass of its traditional counterparts. Moreover, this muscle is low in fat, like that of its bovine counterparts. That, and the fact that the animal’s other organs are unaffected, means it does not take twice as much food to grow a fish to maturity.
這么忙活一通后，結果是出現了一條肌肉量是普通品種兩倍的鱒魚。此外，就像比利時藍牛一樣,這種魚的肌肉含脂肪較低。由于動物的其它器官并沒有受到影響，這就意味著喂養魚的飼料并不需要翻番。
The genetic engineers at Aqua Bounty, a company based in Waltham, Massachusetts, have taken a different route using a different species. They are trying to grow supersize salmon by tinkering with the genes for growth hormone.
位于馬薩諸塞州沃爾瑟姆的Aqua Bounty公司的基因工程師們用另一種魚類，采用其它的方式進行了試驗。他們采用基因隨機改變生長激素的方法來產生超級鮭魚。
Two snippets of DNA are involved. One, taken from a relative of the cod called the ocean pout, promotes the activity of the gene that encodes growth hormone. The other, taken from a chinook salmon, is a version of the growth-hormone gene itself. Unmodified salmon undergo a period of restricted growth when they are young. In combination, these two pieces of DNA produce growth hormone during that lull, abolishing it. The result is a fish that reaches marketable size in 18-24 months, as opposed to 30 months for the normal variety.
這涉及到兩小片的DNA。一片取自大洋鱈，它是鱈魚的近親，能夠促進負責生長激素編碼的基因的活性。另一片采自奇努克鮭魚，它本身就是一種生長激素基因。普通的鮭魚在長成前都要經過一段限制增長的時期。這兩片DNA相結合就能在生長停滯期產生出生長激素來，從而使鮭魚始終都在生長。這樣，普通品種的鮭魚要生長30個月才能上市，而基因改造后的魚經過18-24個月后，其個頭就能達到上市的標準。
It is one thing to make such fish, of course. It is quite another to get them to market. First, it is necessary to receive the approval of the regulators. In America, the regulator in question is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which Aqua Bounty says it has been petitioning for more than a decade and which published guidelines for approving genetically engineered animals in 2009. Aqua Bounty has now filed its remaining studies for approval, and hopes to hear the result this year. Dr Bradley has not yet applied for approval.
當然，研究出這種魚是一回事，讓這種魚能夠進入市場又是另一回事了。首先，必須得到監管機構的批準。在美國，相關的監管機構是美國食品和藥物管理局（FDA）。Aqua Bounty公司說這十幾年的時間里一直在遞交申請，而FDA也在2009年發布了批準轉基因動物的指導方針。Aqua Bounty公司已經提交了其剩余項目的研究報告等待批準，并希望在年內得到審查結果。布拉德利博士尚未提交申請報告。
The FDA is concerned mainly with the healthfulness of what people put in their mouths, and it seems unlikely that either of the new procedures will yield something that is unsafe to eat. There is, however, a second consideration—one that always pertains in matters of biotechnology. Namely, what happens if the creatures escape and start breeding in the wild?
美國食品和藥物管理局主要關注人們吃到嘴里的食物是否有益于健康，而這兩種新的方式似乎都不大可能產生不安全的食物。然而，還有另一個需要顧忌的事情，這類顧忌總是與生物技術有關。也就是說，如果基因改造過的生物逃跑了，并開始在野外繁殖會出現什么情況？
For that to be a problem, it would have to be the case that the modified fish were better at surviving and reproducing than those honed by millions of years of natural selection. On the face of it, this seems unlikely, because the characteristics that have been engineered into them are ones designed to make them into better food, rather than lean, mean breeding machines.
這類顧忌要成為一個問題，其前提必須是：經基因改造的魚其生存和繁殖能力要比那些經過數百萬年的自然選擇挑選出來魚更高。從表面看來，這似乎不太可能，因為人們是為了使之成為更好的食物而設計它們，而不是要將它們培養成苗條的繁殖機器。
There is, however, one chink in this argument. As Mark Abrahams, a biologist at Memorial University in Newfoundland, points out, it is not just the fish that have been modified by man, but also the environment in which they would swim if they escaped. Specifically, many of the creatures that eat salmon and trout, such as bears and some birds, have had their ranks thinned by human activity.
然而，這個觀點有隙可乘。正如紐芬蘭紀念大學的生物學家馬克?亞伯拉罕指出的那樣，不僅是魚被人類改變了，而且它們一旦逃跑后棲息的環境也受到了改變。說得明確點也就是，如熊和一些鳥類等以鮭魚和鱒魚為食物的動物，由于人類的活動而減少了。
Dr Abrahams thinks it possible that fast-growing salmon could displace the natural sort in places where predators are rare. His reasoning is that fish which grow fast need more food and must take more risks to get it. Normally, that would expose them to predation. With fewer predators around, though, this natural brake on “enhanced” salmon would be gone and they might, indeed, take over from the natural ones.
亞伯拉罕博士認為在食肉的天敵很少出沒的地方快速生長的鮭魚可能會取代自然生長的同類。他的理由是，生長快的魚需要更多的食物，為了獲得這些食物必然要冒更多的風險。通常情況下，這將使它們更多的暴露在捕食動物面前。而在食肉天敵較少的環境下，遏制“放大型”鮭魚的自然力量消失了，它們確實可能取代天然生長的鮭魚。
It is a risk, certainly, though it might not come to pass even in the absence of precautions. But Aqua Bounty is already building in such precautions. It does so by subjecting the developing eggs to high pressures. This alters their complement of chromosomes, giving them three sets per cell instead of the usual two. Such “triploid” fish are perfectly viable, but they are sterile. Only a small, sequestered breeding stock is allowed to remain diploid.
盡管在缺乏預防措施的情況下也不一定就會出現這種情況，但存在這種風險是不容否定的。但是Aqua Bounty 公司已經建立了這種預防措施。它將正在發育的魚卵置于高壓之下。這會改變其染色體的數量，使每個細胞產生三對染色體，而通常每個細胞只有兩對染色體。這種三染色體魚可以正常生長，但不能生育。只有一小群被隔離飼養的種魚保持著雙染色體。
The company claims a 99% success rate with its pressurising technique which, according to John Buchanan, its research director, meets the FDA’s requirements. As for the trout, Dr Bradley says his fish have enough trouble breeding on their own for it to be unlikely that they would do well in the wild. To get them to lay eggs and produce milt (seminal fluid) you have to squeeze them by hand. He says, though, that his fish could also be made triploid if necessary.
該公司聲稱其加壓技術有99%的成功率，而根據該公司研究部主任約翰?布坎南的介紹，這項技術符合FDA的要求。至于鱒魚，布拉德利博士說，他研究出的魚要實現自我繁殖似乎不太可能，它們在野外難以生存。為了讓它們產卵和生產米爾特（精液），必須用手工擠壓才行。盡管如此，他說如有必要，這些魚也可以攜帶上三染色體。
As a belt-and-braces protection against accidental release, it might also be possible to raise the new fish in isolated tanks on land, rather than in caged-off areas of rivers or the sea. Catfish, carp and tilapia are often bred this way. Salmon and trout are more sensitive to water quality, making land-based systems more expensive. There are, however, pilot projects for salmon in Vancouver.
為穩妥起見，防止出現魚逃走的事故，或許還可以將魚飼養在地面上隔離了的水槽中，而不在河流或海域用網箱飼養這種新的魚類。鯰魚，鯉魚和羅非魚一般都是這樣養殖的。鮭魚和鱒魚對水質較為敏感，陸地養殖成本過高。然而，在溫哥華有鮭魚飼養的試點項目。
The result, if all goes well, will be that animals follow plants down the biotech route. Whether people will actually want to buy or eat the new fish is a different matter—though they buy the meat of Belgian blue cattle at a premium. Perhaps clever marketing could make “double-muscled” fish into a premium product, too. If people will pay extra for meat from a monstrosity like the Belgian blue, anything is possible.
如果一切順利，轉基因的動物將順著轉基因植物的發展路線（擺上人們的餐桌）。雖然比利時藍牛的肉售價極高，人們購買的熱情依然不減，但他們是否真正想要購買或食用這種新的魚類則是另外一回事。也許聰明的營銷方式可以使“雙肌”魚也成為質優價高的產品。也許人們樂于為購買像比利時藍色那樣的巨型怪物的肉而多套腰包吶，任何事情皆有可能。
2020年北京新東方在線同聲傳譯培訓機構模擬練習題。同聲傳譯的才能不是一種可望而不可及的天賦才能。常言說得好，“功夫不負有心人”。只要我們細心鉆研同傳知識和技巧，積極參與同傳強化訓練，水到自然渠成。
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